By the time Macbeth murders Duncan Essay Example for Free

When Macbeth murders Duncan Essay When Macbeth murders Duncan, he has just lost the fight for his spirit. Talk about this announcement and look at the elements which lead to his choice to slaughter the ruler. It is the point of this article to assess and decide the legitimacy of the above proclamation. I will inspect the variables which lead to Macbeths choice to slaughter the lord. The definition for a people soul is the otherworldly piece of them that should proceed after their body is dead. Individuals additionally use soul to allude to a people mind, character, musings and emotions. The fight for his spirit speaks to whether this individual submits to great or underhandedness. The elements that I will take a gander at specifically while thinking about what drove Macbeth to submit the homicide, are the witches and Lady Macbeth. The play starts with the witches who present Macbeth by saying they will meet him. There to meet with Macbeth. This is a compelling method to begin the play, as individuals were odd at that point. They put stock in witches and they accepted they were shrewd. One individual who was careful and inquisitive about such issues was James I and Shakespeare had composed this play for him. The explosive plot occurred the earlier year and James I was, subsequently, touchy and worried about future death endeavors. Shakespeare was composing for a group of people who were overwhelmingly Christian and who put stock in paradise and damnation; the manner in which somebody acted on earth would choose what befell them when they kicked the bucket. The spirit is significant in this play and this is the reason Macbeth may have been mainstream as individuals were keen on these things. In the event that somebody lost their spirit, they would be lost to God and would be sentenced to damnation forever. Macbeth jabbers about this in his sensational monologs. Duncan was a decent genuine ruler who had never really treat Macbeth as an old buddy. Duncan calls him worthiest cousin, which proposes the closeness of their relationship. Duncan is appreciative for Macbeths courage in fight. He says, I have started to plant thee and will work, to make thee brimming with developing. Duncan is stating he will effectively compensate him for being so fearless. Duncan is a generally excellent individual, Macbeth says, Duncan hath borne his resources so mild hath been so clear in his extraordinary office that his ethics will argue like heavenly attendant. Macbeth realizes that he was acceptable he despite everything killed him. Along these lines is no reason for what he has done. The King is Macbeths visitor so he ought to secure him, not assault him. There are various responses from Macbeth and Banquo to the witches forecasts. Banquo accepts that Macbeth will become lord since he has just become Thane of Cawdor, similarly as the witches had anticipated. He believes that it is unusual how the witches are helping them. Moreover, he accepts the witches will be benevolent to them and have their trust just to double-cross them later. He is plainly astonished and stays suspicious with regards to their goals. The diverse response by Macbeth is evident when he is stunned from the start in the wake of hearing what the witches need to state. He really accepts that he will become ruler as two of the forecasts have demonstrated precise. Things can just improve for Macbeth, or so he accepts. Macbeths assessment of the witches stays uncertain and he doesn't generally have a clue what to think about the strange sisters. There are clashing convictions that he has. Right off the bat, he accepts they are bad, yet on the off chance that they were terrible for what reason did they give him such achievement? It appears that he is starting to believe the witches when he considers the achievement that they have given to him. Banquo, then again, in a split second doubts them and accepts to win us to our mischief, the instruments of dimness reveal to us certainties. When Lady Macbeth gets Macbeths letter about the witchs forecasts she starts to design the homicide: Come, you spirits that tend on mortal contemplations, unsex me here and fill me from the crow to the toe top brimming with direst pitilessness. She needs to be loaded up with cold-bloodedness and needs insidious spirits to gangs her. She needs to lose her gentility and become masculine so she is equipped for the best pitilessness. She would like to lose her spirit so she doesn't feel regretful. The elements that lead Macbeth to slaughter the ruler are the witches, Lady Macbeth and his own character. The witches drove Macbeth to the homicide when they welcomed him and said All hail Macbeth, that will be above all else in the future. In the hour of the play it was accepted that witches could take evil ownership of individuals and cause them to do what they needed. Macbeth sees a knife not long before the homicide of Duncan. A few people may state that the witches put the picture before him to drive him into killing. In any case, Act 1, scene 1 recommends that there are cutoff points to the witchs powers; they can't slaughter. They talk about a woman who didn't give them nuts so they need to get her back, and furthermore her better half who is on a pontoon. Sick give thee wind. Sick channel him as dry as roughage. They express numerous things that they will do to him yet they don't specify executing him and this demonstrates demise isn't in their capacity. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have a decent relationship, they appear to jump on amazingly well together and when they are separated they miss one another. Later in the play Lady Macbeth starts to take control and turns out to be somewhat predominant. She can convince him to do anything. Macbeth concluded that he would not like to proceed with the homicide however Lady Macbeth talked him into it by considering him a defeatist and utilizing brutal words. Furthermore, live a defeatist in thine own confidence. She says this after Macbeth will not continue any further with the homicide. She is insulting and mortifying him. At the point when Macbeth convinces himself not to submit the homicide, We will continue no further around here, Lady Macbeth makes him adjust his perspective by considering him a weakling. She lets him know, When you durst do it, at that point you were a man. The suggestion being that he is done acting like a man. She discloses to him that on the off chance that he breaks this guarantee, he will break every single other guarantee including those made to her, Such I account thy love. All things considered, she asserts that she would prefer to run out the cerebrums of an infant at that point break such a guarantee. Shakespeare uses incredibly solid symbolism to underscore exactly how significant it is for her. In Macbeths sensational monolog he gives numerous reasons regarding why he wouldn't like to proceed with the homicide. Numerous contemplations are going through his mind, for example, the dread of Duncan returning as something awful in his next life. Furthermore, he thinks something awful will occur on the off chance that he proceeds with it. To torment th designer. This fair Justice He is conflicting with the deed of slaughtering the ruler. Solid both against the deed: at that point, as his host. He is a brother, thusly he can not slaughter someone on a similar side as him and this proposes it isn't care for him at all and he wouldn't like to end his life. At the point when Lady Macbeth enters he doesn't disclose to her these reasons however gives various ones through and through. He says the lord has been respecting him as of late and individuals have high assessments of him. Thusly, he needs to stay mainstream with individuals. Macbeth must execute Duncan with the goal that he can be above all else and have his spot. The witches disclosed to him that he would be top dog, however not really by killing him. At first the homicide has been conceived completely by Macbeth and not suggested by any other person. As Macbeth states, If chance will make them ruler, why chance me crown me, without mix. He is stating that on the off chance that he becomes ruler that is acceptable however he will do nothing to make himself lord. As he concedes, his solitary intention in the murdering is Vaulting desire. I will presently consider the idea of Macbeths sin. The wrongdoing that has been submitted is genuinely insidious, yet I don't accept that Macbeth is fundamentally shrewd. The way that Macbeth accepts that he will never be excused demonstrates he is really repentant. The main explanation Duncan was killed was for Macbeths individual addition. Macbeth had no genuine motivation to murder him, as the lord was a dear companion. There are numerous reasons that propose that Macbeth ought to never be pardoned for this. The homicide was without a second thought and it had been arranged and not submitted seemingly out of the blue. Macbeth would not like to proceed with it yet Lady Macbeth prompted him to do as such. This is the reason I trust Macbeth isn't insidious in light of the fact that he was headed to it. After the homicide the men of the hour were spread with blood to cause it to appear as though they had submitted the homicide. Toward the beginning of the day Macbeth murders them also imagining that he has carried on of savage love for Duncan. He does this to get himself in the clear and to maintain a strategic distance from doubt. Accordingly, the men of the hour can't deny submitting the homicide. Macbeth has murdered the lord. At that point, there was a conviction that lords were gotten onto the seat through Gods power (divine right) thus an assault on the rulers power was viewed as acting against Gods wishes. This is the explanation behind him to take a hike as God has repudiated him. Macbeth says, Hes here in twofold trust: first, as I am his brother and his subject, solid both against the deed; at that point as his host, who ought to against his killer shut the entryway, Not shoulder the blade myself. Macbeth realizes that what he has done isn't right as he ought to be caring for his visitor. After the homicide, Macbeth can't state the word Amen, But wherefore wouldn't I be able to articulate Amen I had most need of gift and Amen'. He feels that God has abandoned him as Amen implies god with us. He is attempting to keep his Christian confidence yet he accepts he is losing his spirit and that he will be destined to interminable condemnation. Macbeth feels that he can't rest in light of the fact that solitary the great rest. After the homicide has been submitted Lady Macbeth is quiet and doesn't feel any blame whatsoever. The way that she isn't sorry recommends that she is underhanded. Wash this soiled observer from your handsmear the sluggish grooms with blood. She provides him arranges as she wouldn't like to get captured and she needs someone el

Silver Chair Essays - Narnia, Aslan, Underland, The Silver Chair

Silver Chair Envision that you are in an alternate world from earth, time is unique, what not living things around you can talk. While in this world you will experience the most astonishing experience that you would ever consider. That is exactly what occurs in the novel The Silver Chair. It is an activity pressed, and keeps you needing to peruse the entire way. The creator of the novel The Silver Chair is C.S. Lewis. The most notable books that C.S. Lewis has composed are The Chronicles of Narnia, which is comprised of seven books. This story happens in the present time. The experience in Narnia that these kids go on takes around 12 days, anyway on earth it resembles you had never left as time is distinctive in Narnia. For instance, in the event that you left to Narnia while shooting loops you would return to earth at that precise day and time when you were shooting circles. This story begins on a dull pre-winter day at an extraordinary school called the Experiment house. Supposedly on they are moved to a realized enchanted world called Narnia. While in Narnia the youngsters travel around a great deal and go to a few extraordinary places, they include: The Wild Waste Lands of the North, The Hill of the Strange Channels, The House of Harfang, and The Underland. The primary characters of this story are: Jill Pole, Eustace Scrubb, Puddleglum, Aslan, Prince Rilian, and The Sovereign of Underland. Jill Pole is a weak young lady that gets singled out at the Trial House who meets a disliked kid named Eustace Scrubb, and the two of them travel to the enchanted world Narnia. Here they meet Aslan, Lord of the entirety wood, and child of the Emperor over the ocean. Aslan is the Lion, the Great Lion. He goes back and forth as and when he satisfies; he comes to help control Jill and Eustace on their incredible experience. They likewise find support on their movements from a Bog squirm named Puddleglum, who helps direct the kids as they don't have the foggiest idea this knew world well. Ruler Rilian vanished when riding his pony in the woods around 10 years prior. The Queen of Underland is an awful green witch that is up to nothing but bad, living in the Underland of Narnia. This story begins at the youngsters' school (The Experiment House) where Jill and Eustace meet one another. They are both disagreeable youngsters who were concealing behind the rec center from the other sorts when they saw an opening in the divider. The opening appeared to be a section way, and toward the finish of this entry was an incredible lion. At this point the instructor's and understudies were searching for the youngsters, Jill and Eustace didn't need to remain so they went down this passage to meet this extraordinary lion Aslan. Eustace is sent to Narnia immediately yet Jill is deserted, Aslan clarifies that he let them come to Narnia in light of the fact that he needs their assistance. What had occurred was that the loathe ruler of Narnia was extremely old and required a substitution, the ruler has a child (Prince Rilian) yet he bafflingly vanished around 10 years prior. It was the two kids' business to discover Prince Rilian, and to do this they must follow the means that the lion tells Jill. Eustace and Jill get together in Narnia and set out on their excursion, from the get-go they meet a swamp wiggle(Puddgelum) who goes along with them on there extraordinary excursion. First they should venture out to the Wild Waste Terrains of the North or the Land of the Giants. It is extremely harsh territory and very cold, Jill and Eustace are biting the dust for a warm spot to remain. The three voyagers knock in to a delightful woman wearing green and a puzzling knight wearing dark, the woman clarify that they could remain with the mammoths. They would give food, materials, and a warm spot to remain, in light of the fact that Jill and Eustace are so eager what's more, worn out they choose to go to the castle(The House of Harfang). Puddgelum clarifies this may be a poorly conceived notion however they despite everything wind up going, while remaining there them three discover that the monsters are intending to eat them. They grain escape from the mammoths, and it was simply by accident that they slithered underground to the Underland. While in the Underland they meet a great deal of the little munchkin individuals,

Blog Archive Luxury Brand Management at the GCU British School of Fashion

Blog Archive Luxury Brand Management at the GCU British School of Fashion In the fall of 2013, Scotland’s Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU)â€"known as a leader in fashion education since the 19th centuryâ€"inaugurated a new fashion business school in London and soon after opened a satellite campus in New York City. Rather than focusing on the design aspect of fashion, however, the  GCU  British School of Fashion  instead aims to offer a specialized business education with applications to the fashion industry, as the school’s director, Christopher Moore, explained in a  FashionUnited  article  at the time the new campuses were being revealed: “The remit of the School is clear: we are about the business of fashion. While there are other great international design schools, we are quite different. Our aim is to be a leading School for the business of fashion.” The British School of Fashion’s MBA in Luxury Brand Management program aims to impart industry tools and skills related to such topics as consumer behavior, globalization, and strategic management. The school also professes a commitment to social responsibility, sustainability, and fair trade as part of its core values. With support from a number of British fashion brands, which in the past have included Marks Spencer,  House of Fraser, AllSaints, and the Arcadia Group, the school’s faculty also features a team of honorary professors and fashion industry leaders. Moore told the BBC, “Over the past decade, there has been a significant professionalization of the fashion sector, and there is now a need for high-quality fashion business graduates.” Share ThisTweet B-Schools Outside the Top 15 GCU British School of Fashion

Filipino Politician and President Rodrigo Duterte

Roderigo Roa Duterte (born March 28, 1945) is a Filipino politician, and the 16th president of the Philippines, elected by a landslide on May 9, 2016.   Fast Facts: Rodrigo Roa Duterte Also Known As: Digong, RodyBorn: March 28, 1945, Maasin, PhilippinesParents: Vicente and Soledad Rao DuterteEducation: Law degree Lyceum of the Philippines UniversityExperience: Mayor of Davao City, 1988–2016; President of the Phillippines 2016–present.Spouse: Elizabeth Zimmerman (wife, 1973–2000), Cielito Honeylet Avanceà ±a (partner, mid-1990s to present)  Children: 4Famous Quote: Forget the laws on human rights. If I make it to the presidential palace, I will do just what I did as mayor. You drug pushers, hold-up men and do-nothings, you better go out. Because Id kill you. Ill dump all of you into Manila Bay, and fatten all the fish there. Early Life Rodrigo Roa Duterte (also known as Digong and Rody) was born in the town of Maasin, in Southern Leyte, the eldest son of local politician Vicente Duterte (1911–1968), and Soledad Roa (1916–2012), a teacher and activist. He and two sisters (Jocellyn and Eleanor) and two brothers (Benjamin and Emmanuel) moved to Davao City when their father was made the governor of the now-defunct Davao province.   Education He attended high school at the Ateneo de Davao, where he has said he was a victim of sexual abuse by Rev. Mark Falvey, an American Jesuit priest who died in California in 1975—in 2007, nine of his American victims were paid $16 million by the Jesuit church for Falveys abuse. Duterte was expelled from school for retaliating against another priest by filling a squirt gun with ink and spraying the priests white cassock. He skipped classes and has told audiences that it took him seven years to finish high school.   According to his own report, Duterte and his siblings were frequently beaten by his parents. He began carrying a gun at the age of 15. Despite the hardships and chaos of his younger life, Duterte studied political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines University, obtaining a law degree in 1968.   Marriage and Family In 1973, Duterte eloped with Elizabeth Zimmerman, a former flight attendant. They have three children Paolo, Sara, and Sebastian. That marriage was annulled in 2000.   He met Cielito Honeylet Avanceà ±a in the mid-1990s, and he considers her his second wife, although they have not married. They have one daughter, Veronica. Duterte has no official first lady but said during his presidential campaign that he had two wives and two girlfriends.   Political Career After graduation, Duterte practiced law in Davao City, and eventually became a prosecutor. In the mid-1980s, his mother Soledad was a leader in the Yellow Friday Movement against the Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos. After Corazon Aquino became the Philippine leader, she offered Soledad the post of vice-mayor of Davao City. Soledad asked that Rodrigo be given the position instead.   In 1988, Rodrigo Duterte ran for Mayor of Davao City and won, eventually serving seven terms over 22 years. Death Squads When Duterte took over the mayorship of Davao, the city was war-torn, the result of the Philippine Revolution leading to the ouster of Marcos. Duterte established tax breaks and pro-business policies, but at the same time, he founded his first death squad in Davao City in 1988. A small group of police officers and others were selected to hunt down and kill criminals; the membership eventually grew to 500. One of the men who has admitted to being on the squad reported that there were at least 1,400 or more people killed, with their bodies dumped in the sea, the river, or a different city. The man said he received 6,000 pesos for each of the fifty people he personally killed. A second man said he received orders from Duterte to kill at least 200 people, including political rivals, one of whom was journalist and outspoken critic, Jun Pala, in 2009.   Presidential Election On May 9, 2016, Duterte won the Philippine presidential election with 39 percent of the popular vote, far outweighing the four other candidates. During his campaign, he repeatedly promised to bring the practice of extrajudicial killing of drug users and other criminals to the country as a whole, and he has fulfilled that promise.   Social workers and police round up minors at night during curfew on June 8, 2016 in Manila, Philippines. Dondi Tawatao / Getty Images According to the Philippine National Police, from the time he assumed office on June 20, 2016, to January 2017, at least 7,000 Filipinos were killed: 4,000 of them were killed by police and 3,000 by self-described vigilantes. Legacy Human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch and others such as the International Criminal Court, the former U.S. President Barack Obama, and Pope Francis have been vocal in their criticism of Dutertes death squads of suspected drug users and pushers and other criminals.   As a result, Duterte has lashed out at those critics, in what are vulgar and racist terms. However, according to a recent biography by British journalist Jonathan Miller, his supporters call him Duterte Harry (a play on the Clint Eastwood character in the Dirty Harry movies). He currently has at least the tacit support of China and Russia.   In general but not entirely, Duterte is popular in the Philippines. Political journalists and academicians such as American political scientist Alfred McCoy consider Duterte a populist strongman, who like Marcos before him offers a promise of justice and stability, and one who is clearly not subject to the West, in particular, the United States. Sources President Rodrigo Roa Duterte. Ed. Bio, Presidents. Washington DC: Embassy of the Philippines, 2018. Print.Casteix, Joelle. Philippines CA—Ex L.A. priest molested presidential candidate. SNAP Network, December 8, 2015.  Web.Lamb, Kate. Rodrigo Duterte: The President Warlord of the Philippines. The Guardian Nov. 11, 2017. Print.McCoy, Alfred W. Global Populism: A Lineage of Filipino Strongmen from Quezon to Marcos and Duterte. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 32.1–2 (2017): 7–54. Print.McGurk, Rod. Biographer: Animosity toward Us Drives Duterte. Philadelphia Star June 2, 2018. Print.Miller, Jonathan. Rodrigo Duterte: Fire and Fury in the Philippines. London: Scribe Publications, 2018. Print.Paddock, Richard C. Becoming Duterte: The Making of a Philippine Strongman. The New York Times March 21, 2017. Print.

Questions When Appealing a College Dismissal

Comptoir Des Cotonniers - 6802 Words

AUSTRALIAN MARKET 2010-2011 ------------------------------------------------- TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p3 I. Internal Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦p4 2.1. SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p5 2.2. The Ansoff matrix: Product/Market Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p8 2.3. Key Factors Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦p10 2.4. The Value Chain (Porter)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p11 II. External Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦p12 3.5. Market segmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p13 3.6. Products to be exported†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p14 3.7. Competition†¦show more content†¦Appendix 1: ‘Kapferrer Brand Identity Prism’) | * Innovative marketing concept focuses on mother-daughter relationship (initial success): clothes that appeal to daughter and mother * Strong brand image (French fashion, elegance, chic), identity (authenticity, naturalness, proximity) and positioning * Close relationship with its customers: | * Get prisoner of its brand image and become old fashioned (as Lacoste) | Ressources commerciales * Product * Price * Place * Promotion | * Quality products, innovative amp; creative, fashion, chic, classic, modern * Large range (230 articles/collection) * New collections (kids, underwear) * Collections tested by designers before * Price scale (target more people) *Show MoreRelatedPresentation Marketing the Kooples1030 Words   |  5 Pages 13   octobre   2010    De   Villepin   - ­Ã¢â‚¬    Gutharc   - ­Ã¢â‚¬    Mar8ni    1    Sommaire    ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ La   naissance   du   concept    ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Le   marchà ©   :   cible   et   concurrents    ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Le   marke6ng   mix    ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Forces   et   faiblesses    ï‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Conclusion   et   recommanda6ons    13   octobre   2010    De   Villepin   - ­Ã¢â‚¬    Gutharc   - ­Ã¢â‚¬    Mar8ni    2    Une   histoire   de   famille    - ­Ã¢â‚¬    1972 Read MoreUniqlo Annual Report21563 Words   |  87 PagesChairman, President CEO Our Group UNIQLO business Business model Products Production Stores People Overseas activities 6 11 14 14 16 18 20 22 23 CSR Corporate history Financial section Investor information Corporate information MA strategy COMPTOIR DES COTONNIERS FOOT PARK Theory 24 25 26 27 28 30 32 54 55 It all started here The origin of our â€Å"anybody, anywhere, everyday† concept At UNIQLO, our goal is to offer casual wear that can be worn by anybody, anywhere, everyday. This basic concept hasRead MoreTaking a Look at UNIQLO514 Words   |  2 Pagesevolutionary garments such as Heat-Tech and the Ultra-Light Down, which have contributed in gaining a reputable image for the retailer within the world of fashion. Current State of Retailer Fast Retailing Group owns UNIQLO, GU, Theory, Comptoir des Cotonniers, Princesse tam.tam., Helmut Lang and J Brand. In 2014, UNIQLO is celebrating their 30th Anniversary. They are currently ranked among the top five global retailers, joining Inditex (ZARA), HM, GAP and Limited Brands (Figure 2). By AugustRead MoreExternal Environment Sportswear Market2250 Words   |  9 Pagescomfortable but not sportswear. Adidas counts in its indirect competitors Zara or HM, which offer casual clothes for leisure activities. In this way, the brand experiences more and more competition. Some brands such as Gap, Esprit, Roxy, Comptoir des Cotonniers or Abercrombie and Fitch (soon available in France) develop their collection in a sportswear range. Those brands propose real â€Å"fashion-products† which are meeting customer’s needs in style and comfort. Direct competition We are workingRead MoreStrategic of HM4405 Words   |  18 Pagesfirms like HM and it represents a kind of confrontation with governments. Economic: The firm is well integrated to the global market and chooses strategic places to sell its products (big cities, malls) = In Paris, rue de Rivoli for example; and the opening of a store on the Avenue des Champs-Elysà ©es is being negotiated. The firm adapts its production to different consumers. HM offers its consumers fashion and quality at best prices. In 2007, HM has also created a new chain of stores: COS (collectionRead MoreZara vs. Uniqlo Essay6859 Words   |  28 Pagesmodel UNIQLO have been allowed achieved phenomenal growth. They have done this by †¢ †¢ Tam, Expanding operations to major cities around the globe. Mergers and Acquisitions: Over the year’s fast retailing have acquired Princess Tam. Theory and COMPTOIR DES COTONNIERS, Cabin and Gov retailing. The acquisition of Gov retailing provided UNIQLO with the know how to launch UNIQLO shoes. All the companies acquired had women as their primary market segment. (Annual report 2009) †¢ Diversifying into new products:

Economic Models and PED

Question: Discuss about the Economic Models and PED. Answer: Introduction: An economic model entails a simplified depiction of reality meant to provide hypotheses concerning economic behavior which can be tested (Arnold, 2013). Economists use an economic model a tool for predicting future changes in the economy. In a nutshell, economists measure past associations among variables like tax rates, consumer spending, employment, household income and interest rates and then attempt to predict how variations in some factors will influence the future trend of others (Elliott Timmermann, 2016). Although the forecast from the econometric models may not be accurate, the information yielded from these models is important to the activities and functioning of the government. Therefore, the argument that economic models are false and so government should ignore their predictions is not reasonable. Econometric makes use of mathematics, statistical inference, and economic theory to quantify an economic event. Therefore, it translates theoretical economic models into a crucial tool of policymaking that forms the basis for government operations (Hansen Sargent, 2014). For example, when formulating the monetary policy, the central bankers need to understand the possible effect of variations in the official interest rate on the Gross Domestic Product and inflation levels. In such scenarios, economic models are essential tools in availing the required background information through prediction. More importantly, the economic models build structure and eliminate unfocused thinking by compelling econometricians to formalize ideas that may be based mainly on intuition (Gillespie, 2014). Furthermore, economic models possess an abundance of predictive successes. The models are valuable tools that assist the government to examine, formulate and comprehend interactive correlations in the economy (Mankiw, 2014). The gravity model is a useful example of the model applied to the international trade to offer predictions insights. The model provides forecasts on bilateral trade flows based on economic dimensions and distance between two units. For instance, the gravity model is used to determine the impact of treaties and alliance on the trade activities. From an empirical perspective, the gravity model has been a great success. In summary, economic models may have some limitations, but that does not mean they should be ignored when making important decisions about the economy. The models provide important guidance to the operations and activities of the government (Bergeijk Brakman, 2010). Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand is a common term used in economics when analyzing the responsiveness of price. It is a measure of the association between a variation in the amount demanded of a given commodity and a fluctuation in its price. If a small variation in the price is associated with a large change in the amount purchased, then the good is said to be elastic, that is, responsive to price variations. On the other hand, in case a significant deviation in the price is associated with a small change of quantity demanded, then the good or service is said to be inelastic (McTaggart, Findlay, Parkin, 2015). This section of the paper concentrates on the estimates of price elasticity of demand of cereals, vegetable oils, and milk. The price elasticity of demand estimates of these products is extracted from an accounting journal titled Demand Analysis for Major Consumer Commodities in Jordan. The price elasticity of demand for cereals is estimated at -0.51 (Haddad, 2013). Since this coefficient is less than one, the price elasticity of demand for cereals is said to be inelastic. Therefore, a significant change in the price of grains will result in a small shift in the cereals bought. More precisely, 1% increase in the price of grains will lead to 0.51% drop in cereals demanded by the clients. The correlation between cereals and price obeys the law of demand. Moreover, the sellers of cereals in the market can increase their revenues by raising the price because the cereals are less responsive to changes in the price. The relationship between cereals demanded, and its price shows that this product is a necessity. The grains are vital for life, and the individuals in this particular community must buy them even if the prices shoot up. P1-P2 is greater than Q1-Q2, that is, a big change in the price of cereals (P1-P2) results in a small variation in the quantity of cereals purchased (Q1-Q2) The price elasticity of demand for Vegetable oils is estimated at -0.01 (Haddad, 2013). Like the cereals, the price elasticity of vegetable oils is inelastic. However, the PED for vegetable oils is more inelastic than that of cereals. A huge deviation in the price of vegetable oils will result in a small variation in the quantity of vegetable oil demanded by this group of consumers. A 1% increase in the price of vegetable oils will cause a 0.01% decrease in vegetable oils demanded. The negative sign on the coefficient of vegetable PED exhibits that the association between vegetable oils and its price agrees with the law of demand. Likewise, the distributors of the vegetable oils can freely increase the prices to maximize their revenues since this particular product is highly irresponsive to changes in the price. The price elasticity of demand for this commodity indicates that the commodity is an essential. Whether the prices increases or drops, individuals will still buy the vegetable oil. A huge change in the price of vegetable oils (P1-P2) leads to a small change in the quantity of vegetable oil demanded (Q1-Q2). The price elasticity of milk oils is estimated at -0.06 (Haddad, 2013). This coefficient shows that the PED for this good is inelastic. Milk is highly irresponsive to price changes than the cereals. Like the other two commodities, a substantial deviation in the price of milk will cause a slight fluctuation of milk bought. A 1% increase in the price of milk will result in a 0.01% decline in the quantity of milk purchased. Since milk is highly irresponsive to price changes, the farmers can increase their revenues by raising the prices of milk. The association that exists between milk and the price clearly shows that estimate complies with economic theory. Moreover, the price elasticity of this product is determined by the necessity nature of this commodity. Consumers will continue to purchase milk even if the farmers hike the price. A large change in the price of milk (P1-P2) results in a small variation in the amount of milk purchased (Q1-Q2). References Arnold, R. A. (2013). Economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Bergeijk, P. A., Brakman, S. (2010). The gravity model in international trade : advances and applications. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press . Elliott, G., Timmermann, A. (2016). Economi forecasting. Princeton and Oxford Princeton University Press . Gillespie, A. (2014). Foundations of economics. Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. Haddad, A. M. (2013). Demand Analysis for Major Consumer Commodities in Jordan. Journal Of Accounting, Business Management, 20(2) , 33-64. Hansen, L. P., Sargent, T. J. (2014). Uncertainty within economic models. Hackensack, New Jersey : World Scientific. Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of economics. Stamford, CT : Cengage Learning. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. C., Parkin, M. (2015). Economics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson.

Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability

Introduction Citizens’ participation in the budgetary and financial processes is aimed at ensuring good governance, provision of public goods and general accountability1. There are three fundamental reasons behind the attempts to increase citizens’ participation in the matters of governance and policy-making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, civil society and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) are increasingly calling for the participation of the stakeholders in political matters and policy-making decisions. Citizens are clamouring for access to information and the right to participate in local and national matters. In addition, the current democratic processes demand for open governance, transparency in policy decisions and open budgetary processes2. Second, reformist lawmakers and government off icials, seeking to approve the authenticity and capability of the civil society in solving social-political and economic challenges, are increasingly supporting citizens’ participation. This is driven by both political and policy incentives. Direct subject support can give extra authenticity to help reformist governments modify budgetary needs3. Besides, coordinate investment guarantees a steady stream of data between the state agencies, natives and common society, hence lessens the cost of exchanging data.4. Reformist governments also advance participatory venues in light of the fact that this helps them to assemble a political base that may be actuated amid constituent procedures5. Last but not least, direct participation can help the policymakers monitor strategy execution at the local level, consequently improving the probability that government’s strategy changes are actualized accurately.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By involving citizens in the budgetary processes both at the local and national level, the government can enhance its capacity due to extra mechanism to improve accountability6. Third, global organizations, for instance, the IMF and World Bank have been advocating for increased participation of citizens in policy decisions and budgetary processes. The main reason for this is to enhance the government’s capacity, which is progressively perceived to be essential in achieving long term goals and objectives. Direct citizen participation enhances state capacity by improving the quality of inputs at the same time letting citizens to play the role of a watchdog. Worldwide associations also support direct native investment as a method of engaging the common man and creating a compact social capital. The global organizations believe that citizens and civil societies can hold the government accountable for the use of public reso urces, hence ensuring that donor funds are used for the intended purpose7. An ongoing concept that cuts across these organizations is that they are looking for ways of designing institutions that can bring the citizens together in order to take part in solving key policy issues and governance challenges. Institutional planners have made an expansive scope of rules and strategies that address an array of societal and policy issues. In each case, they are trying everything possible to ensure that the government and citizens work together for a common good8. The citizen’s participation is highly regarded not because there are benefits linked to their full participation in the local and national matters, but it is supported because their increased participation can enhance the nature of governance and the general welfare of the people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More For that reason, direct engagement of citizens is the best way of solving key policy issues and governance challenges9. Enhancing the quality of engagement is progressively entangled with attempts to advance straightforwardness in the working of governments and private sector. Transparency call for public officials to give prompt and relevant information that can be utilized by citizens and civil society10. In any case, transparency endeavours need to be connected to participation on the ground since the release of information is simply the initial step11. Direct participation is crucial since it guarantees a high level of transparency. In addition, it ensures that the criteria of choosing pertinent data and the schedule of its release are not left to the discretion of public officers. More extensively, collaboration is imperative so that the accessible data can be used to make elective arrangements and strategies. After all, lack of acce ss to vital information in the context of disinterested or detached citizens and civil society will not bring about progressed government approaches and policy solutions12. Natives and common society represent the interest side of policy deliberation. Hence, they give elective answers to approach issues. The other side is represented by policies initiated by the government and international donors aimed at solving policy challenges. The demand and supply sides are models that were adapted to fit into the field of socioeconomic development. Therefore, in the wider scope of this essay, transparency will be conceptualized as what the regime needs to provide or avail to improve accountability.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, participation will be conceptualized as the activities that the citizens and civil society need to take part in so as to improve accountability13. Improved accountability calls for greater collaboration between state agencies, government officials, civil society and the general public. State authorities must be ready to permit their activities to be investigated by non-governmental organizations and civil society. Correspondingly, citizens and civil society must be prepared to dedicate their time and vitality to meticulously inspect the exercises of state.14. Accountability can be established when state departments and agencies are ready to be investigated to win public trust or gain a political mileage. In addition, governments may be ready to support transparency in those ranges where they accept that accountability would be politically beneficial, which implies that the public and civil society should put more pressure on the government to avail all the necessa ry information15. This essay will have two fundamental objectives. The first objective is to introduce a framework that can help to understand how citizens and civil society can participate in the budgetary process and other financial initiatives. The explanation behind presenting this framework is that it will explore diverse courses through which citizens and civil societies are integrated into key government decisions. The second objective is to apply it on the two countries to show how and why they have embraced diverse establishments and strategies. The second objective will attempt to establish the reasons and objectives behind the initiatives. Citizen Participation Citizens participate in a mixed bag of institutions. In law based administrations, citizens vote to choose delegates at neighbourhood, territorial, and national levels. Citizens might likewise vote in unique decisions, for example, submissions, plebiscites or reviews. In addition, citizens may influence elected lea ders by operating within certain establishments or engaging in activities such as campaigns, arranging appeal drives, and coming up with certain policy propositions. Therefore, participation is a progressing action in which residents work together to advance their interests16. As a matter of fact, there are numerous ways through which citizens can influence formal arrangements. They can make use of the institutions, court procedures and public protests to place their case on government officials. Petulant legislative issues have a tendency to be utilized more regularly by citizens who need access to open establishments or lack political representatives17. There are four principal aspects of the citizen participation process, namely: voice, scrutiny, voting and rescission. Besides the mentioned participatory venues, citizens can also utilize other venues such as, opinion through the ballot, controversial politics, campaigns and neighbourhood initiatives18. However, our emphasis will be on the ways through which citizens take part in budgetary accountability. This is represented by the four principal aspects of citizens’ participation. Voice refers to the capacity of citizens to communicate their thoughts, inclinations, and sentiments within and outside the institutions sanctioned by the government. At the highest level, citizens and civil societies can use this facet of participation to extend the scope of issues that are being tended to by the existing institutions. The issue can touch on specific policy problem. Public debates are some of the venues that can be used by citizens to express their voice. The formal gatherings permit citizens and civil societies to fortify their arrangements, as well as be incorporated in the prescribed networks19. On the other hand, scrutiny is the capacity of citizens to audit archives and data given by government institutions and agencies. These archives may incorporate policy proposals, contract negotiations, income ac cumulation, progressive execution of open work tasks, and project conclusion20. Citizens are required to have fundamental skills necessary for analysing and reporting the data provided by the government. When the citizens have the necessary skills to dissect government policies, their voice may be more focused and agenda-driven. The scrutiny procedure enables citizens to link up with the government and its partners on specific issues touching on government recommendations21. In some cases, citizens are given liberty to vote for government policy proposals. The votes can either be binding or consultative. A binding vote can either rebuff or approve policy proposals and, therefore, is the most powerful form of vote. A binding vote provides execution powers. On the contrary, a consultative vote is simply an opinion over the general proposed policy. It does not warrant a direct action. However, it can have a considerable impact on policy decisions, especially when the voting process is sanctioned by the government. Both binding and consultative vote calls for an establishment that can help in building residents’ voice and verifying techniques. Citizens and civil societies can be able to practice more robust, and informed voting only when the aforementioned condition is met22. Citizens and civil society can have the power to rescind government proposals, annual reports and audit reports. This power is a kind of vote, yet is different on the grounds that citizens and civil society are not voting in favour of particular strategy recommendations, but are dismissing government projects and operations. This is like the presidential veto, where the head of state can rebuff enactment of particular laws or policies. This kind of power clearly expands on voice and scrutiny. Citizens and civil society can make more use of this power to comprehend government policy proposals or activities. Veto power and voice can be useful in generating support both within and outside the public domain23. In entirety, the four aspects of participation offer a means to evaluate how public institutions engage citizens and civil societies in the budgetary and fiscal processes. Citizens and civil societies have different powers in these institutions. Sometimes, citizens have the power to articulate their views and concerns, which is a vital development. In other cases, citizens are more involved in the implementation and monitoring process, which is likewise an imperative development. The four aspects of participation are the best examples of how the government, citizens and civil society interact or engage each other in matters of public interest24. The Civil Society The civil society is normally comprised of ordinary citizens, community heads, institutions that represent the people, professionals from different fields, socio-political movements, and non-administrative associations among others. These groups are very different from government officials. They have d iverse forms of authority, which is associated with their expertise and moral basis of their claims25. A standout amongst the most widely recognized political inquiries in participatory foundations is â€Å"who are the genuine representatives of civil society?†. There is no simple answer to this question due to the diverse nature of civil society. Governments planning to create new institutions for engaging citizens need to place this question at the beginning of every dialogue as they create new establishments. As the administration tries to fabricate new establishments, it must address the following issues that have been with us since time immemorial: Should choices be in light of the tenet of the lion’s share? In what manner can the enthusiasm of the minorities, be dealt with? Should engagement be in light of individual or gathering premise? What are the essential skills required in order to participate in the decision-making process? When should the participating i nstitutions concede to the opinions of experts or leaders? Do citizens have the power to sanction or reject government initiatives? Assuming this is the case, do these powers have a limit? Common citizens are most likely to be included in decisions made at local or sub-national level due to their broad knowledge of local affairs, but limited skills. They can help public officials make informed decisions when allocating local resources. Some of the initiatives sanctioned by the government to expand citizen participation include annual budget conference and communal projects. The mobilization can be done by community heads26. At the national level, more emphasis is placed on individuals with legal or technical expertise. As a result, these individuals are always involved directly in the budget implementation and monitoring process. They can participate in the budgetary process in two ways. First, they can take part in the local discussions, but their proposals and interests are transf erred to the national summit. Second, they can articulate their ideas and interests in extremely wide terms, enabling them to be supportive of the general arrangement. Nevertheless, there can be a huge difference in the sort of voice exercised by citizens, from voting on the choice of particular items to general items that are of priority. The civil society and organizations representing the will and interests of the people normally take part directly in national-level policies and budget talks. Individual citizens are less likely to take part in national-level debates, but can take part in countrywide processes27. Case Studies Many regimes now engage nationals in policy decisions. To understand how governments engage their citizens in policy decisions, we will carry out a case study of two countries. In this case, the two nations are Brazil and Philippines. The selection of the two cases has turned out to be very fruitful since the two nations are currently using a wide range of pr ograms to enhance transparency, involvement and accountability. It is important to note that Brazil and Philippines are on the excellent path of reform, and this will help in comprehending the conceivable outcomes and parameters of progress. There are a number of significant similarities among the two nations that will be of great help in explaining why the two governments are increasing citizen participation and encouraging transparency. Each of them had a tyrant administration from 1960s to 1980s. They swung to law based governance in the late 1980s and have remained so until now. Moreover, the two nations have seen the resurrection of non-state actors, proclamation of the new constitution and advancement of devolution. Brazil: Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability Major reforms in Brazil started with President Cradoso who expanded Brazil’s capacity to promote transparency and accountability through mass participation. He began by building institutions, priv atising state-owned companies and demanding a thorough clean up in the public sector. He also introduced the fiscal responsibility law, which provided a framework of spending government resources and mechanism for guaranteeing budgetary transparency28. In the past three decades, the country has expanded a number of participatory venues, which allows citizens to take part in an array of policymaking decisions. There are four fundamental institutions that permit citizens to take part in the budgetary process. These institutions include Public Policy Management Councils (PPMCs), Public Policy Conferences (PPC), Pluriannual Budget Planning (PBP), and Participatory Budgeting (PB). PPMC, PPC and PBP are embraced from the local to national level. However, PB is only adopted at the municipal level29. Participatory budgeting is a year-long process that brings together municipal official and citizens to decide over capital spending on the current and future projects. PB has been adopted by nu merous municipalities and participants are mainly volunteers. The table below demonstrates PB programs between 1989 and 2012 in municipalities with over 50 thousand inhabitants. Over 50 percent of the PB cases were managed by workers unions, which highlight the role of politics in the adoption of PB. As a matter of fact, PB has attracted very many youths into political positions30. As already been mentioned, PPMCs are established at all levels of the government. Currently, the country has approximately 70000 councils at the district level. Generally, the council’s top seats are shared equally between the state and non-state actors. The council has the power to sanction or reject the budgetary process through a vote and, therefore, it has the veto power. Truth be told, PPMCs is being utilized as a condition by the administration for disbursing national resources. 31. The table below shows the explosion of PPMCS in the last decades. The increase in the number of councils is ma inly attributed to the federal government that had made it mandatory for all public institutions and organizations to have a management council. However, some public institutions and organizations adopted it voluntarily32. Pluriannual Budget Planning (PBP) is a national level budgetary planning process introduced by President Lula da Silva. This was after a number of reports showed that the country had heavily invested in sub-national level programs and was lacking in national-level programs. Pluriannual Budget Planning, which is conducted yearly, was premised on the PPMCs’ model. The ministry of planning is tasked with the responsibility of providing all the pertinent data. It comprises of representatives from different sectors, including the civil society, private sector and state officials. The participants are directly involved in the budgetary process. However, there is no information accessible to recommend that the arrangements are actualized by the government33. Publ ic Policy Conferences (PPC) also known as the national policy conferences attract millions of participants. In the last 75 conferences, it has attracted more than 8 million participants. These conferences have given millions of Brazilians a platform to participate in the policymaking decisions. These conferences focus on a wide range of subjects, including transparency and social control, federal budgetary processes, human rights and many more. Nevertheless, the country’s expansive federal states make it very hard to establish the level of transparency and accountability in the public sector. However, the country‘s emphasis is to incorporate as many citizens in the budgetary accountability and transparency programs34. Philippines: Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability Philippine is one of the countries with the greatest devotion in advancing citizen participation and transparency. The current president’s campaign platform was to stop corruption an d destitution. By associating corruption to all the problems facing the country, he drew attention to all the fundamental subjects of governance. Therefore, the core agenda of the current regime is tackling corruption, especially in the public sector. Importantly, the core elements of enhancing the quality of governance include direct engagement and giving more power to the citizens. Besides eliminating corruption in the public sector, the country’s reform agenda include establishments of new institutions that will generate new prospects to alter the pattern of public expenditure and ensure transparency and accountability35. Due to lack of high level state capacity and pervasive civil society as witnessed in Brazil, the Philippines used a diverse participatory strategy. They are less likely to adopt citizen-based strategies used in Brazil due to the disintegration of its social fabric and low capacity of its citizens. As a result, they are mixing citizen-based strategies, usu ally at the sub-national level, with extensive engagement of civil societies36. The deliberate efforts of the Philippines government to increase citizens’ participation in the budgetary process and ensure accountability in the public sector include National Fund for Participatory Governance, Base-Up Budgeting, Budget Partnership Accord, Complete Disclosure Strategy, and Citizen Engagement Review37. Base-Up Budgeting was borrowed from Latin America. It involves engaging rural community movements and individual citizens in determining funds to be allocated at the local level. This leads to the creation of a local poverty reduction team to implement and monitor funded projects. The team comprises of the communal chiefs, state representatives and common organizations. Base-Up approach targets poor communities. As of 2013, more than 1100 poor municipal communities had adopted the approach with the government allocating in excess of $190 million for the projects38. Budget Partnersh ip Accord brings together agencies and the civil society in the preparation of the budget. This allows the government and the civil society to work closely in identifying priority projects. The civil society is also involved in the implementation process. Base-Up Budgeting and Budget Partnership Accord have been commended by the international community as the best methods of empowering citizens39. National Fund is a stipend given by the Treasury to non-state actors to bolster cooperation of subjects and the administration in national matters. As a result, the civil society acts as intermediate finance managers40. On the other hand, Complete Disclosure Strategy is a reward system exemplifying all facets of accountability and transparency at the local government units. It requires full disclosure of information to the public. In order to advance this, the administration has dispatched an online entry where all the administrative data can be accessed by the citizens. 41. To wrap things up, the Citizen Engagement Review is an institutional body that unites intrigued nationals and state authorities. This body enhances access to government information necessary for the implementation and evaluation of the budget process42. Comparing and evaluating the two cases The programs aimed at increasing citizens’ participation in governance and accountability in the Philippines have created two changes. First, more citizens are joining state-approved institutions to play some part in governance and decision making. Second, the government has increased the number participatory institutions to promote citizen’s participation in the local and national affairs, particularly in the budgeting and fiscal processes. However, in comparison to Brazil, Philippine is still lagging behind with respect to structural foundations that support citizens’ participation and accountability. This means the country is more likely to make significant policy changes in the near f uture. The disparity is attributed to the fact that the Brazil’s reform process started like three decades ago, whereas the Philippines process has only lasted a decade. In addition, Philippines lack high level state capacity and pervasive civil society. Lastly, the country is less reliant on experts owing to the fact that the government’s main agenda is citizen empowerment. As a result, it employs mixed strategies that incorporate citizens at the sub-national level and civil societies at the highest level. Conclusion From the analysis of the two countries, it is apparent that four facets affect citizen’s participation in the budgetary process. The first factor is the political will of the existing regime. The second factor is the organization of the civil society. The third factor is the state’s capacity. The last factor is the path of policy reforms. Citizens and the civil society can either support or challenge government decisions. As a result, citize ns and civil society can work together with the government, but also hold it to account for public resources. The citizen participation process is based on four principal aspects, namely: voice, scrutiny, voting and rescission. The Brazilian process incorporates all the four aspects. However, the Philippines do not have the veto power. Nevertheless, whatever the methodology utilized, the fundamental target is to expand resident support and enhance straightforwardness and responsibility. The participatory initiatives in Brazil and Philippines are mainly driven by politics and reform agenda. Even though non-state actors have played a role in pushing the two governments to expand citizen participation, there is no evidence to suggest that they have been pushed by international organizations. Bibliography Alt, J. E. Lassen, D., ‘Transparency, Political Polarization, and Political Budget Cycles in OECD Countries’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, no. 3, 2006, pp. 530–50. Avritzer, L., Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2002. Carltz, R., Improving Transparency and Accountability in the Budget Process: An Assessment of Recent Initiatives, University of California, Los Angeles, 2013. de Renzio, P. Masud, H., ‘Measuring and Promoting Budget Transparency: The Open Budget Index as a Research and Advocacy Tool’, Governance, vol. 24, no. 3, 2011, pp. 607–16. de Renzio, P. Angemi, D., ‘Comrades or Culprits? Donor Engagement and Budget Transparency in Aid-Dependent Countries’, Public Administration and Development, vol. 32, no. 2, 2011, pp.167–80. Ferraz, C. Finan, F., ‘Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.123, no. 2, 2012, pp. 703–45. Fung, A., Mary, G. David, W., Full Disclosure: The Perils and Promise of Transparen cy, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Gianpaolo, B., Heller, P. Silva, M., Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2011. Hunter, W., ‘The Normalization of an Anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil’,  World Politics, vol. 59, 2007, pp.440–75. IMF, Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency, International Monetary Fund, Washington, 2007. Magno, F., Country Report: The Philippines, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, 2013. McNulty, S., Voice and Vote: Decentralization and Participation in Post-Fujimori Peru, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2011. Montero, A. P. David, J.S., Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 2004. Wampler, B., Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability, Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 2007. Wampler, B., Participation, Transparency an d Accountability, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, 2013. Footnotes 1 J. E. Alt D. Lassen, ‘Transparency, Political Polarization, and Political Budget Cycles in OECD Countries’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, no. 3, 2006, p. 531. 2 B. Gianpaolo, P. Heller M. Silva, Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2011, p. 5. 3 R. Carltz, Improving Transparency and Accountability in the Budget Process: An Assessment of Recent Initiatives, University of California, Los Angeles, 2013, p. 28. 4 Carltz, p. 32. 5 Alt Lassen, p. 541. 6 P. de Renzio H. Masud, ‘Measuring and Promoting Budget Transparency: The Open Budget Index as a Research and Advocacy Tool’, Governance, vol. 24, no. 3, 2011, p. 609. 7 P. de Renzio D. Angemi, ‘Comrades or Culprits? Donor Engagement and Budget Transparency in Aid-Dependent Countries’, Public Administration and Developm ent, vol. 32, no. 2, 2012, pp.170. 8 IMF, Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency, International Monetary Fund, Washington, 2007, p. 13. 9 B. Wampler, Participation, Transparency and Accountability, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, 2013, p. 98. 10 L. Avritzer, Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2002, p.11. 11 Ibid. 12 Carltz, p. 35. 13 Ibid. 14C. Ferraz F. Finan, Exposing Corrupt Politicians: The Effects of Brazil’s Publicly Released Audits on Electoral Outcomes’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.123, no. 2, 2008, p. 707. 15 W. Hunter, ‘The Normalization of an Anomaly: The Workers’ Party in Brazil’, World Politics, vol. 59, 2007, p.453. 16 A.P. Montero J.S. David, Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Press, 2004, p.7. 17 B. Wampler, Participation, Transparency and Accountability, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, 2013, p. 102. 18 S. McNulty, Voice and Vote: Decentralization and Participation in Post-Fujimori Peru, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2011, p.6. 19 McNulty, p. 8. 20 Ibid. 21 McNulty, p. 9. 22 Ibid. 23 B.Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability, State University Press, Pennsylvania, 2007, p. 28. 24 Wampler, p.30. 25 Gianpaolo, Heller Silva, p. 7. 26 Ibid. 27 Gianpaolo, Heller Silva, p. 10. 28 B. Wampler, Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability, State University Press, Pennsylvania, 2007, p. 19. 29 Wampler, p. 20. 30 Wampler, p. 21. 31 Gianpaolo, Heller Silva, p. 65. 32 Gianpaolo, Heller Silva, p. 67. 33 Wampler, p. 106. 34 Wampler, p. 107. 35 F. Magno, Country Report: The Philippines, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, 2013, p. 3. 36 Magno, p. 4. 37 Wampler, p. 113. 38 Wampler, p. 114. 39 Magno, p. 4. 40 Wampler, p. 115. 41 A. Fung, Mary David, Full Disclosure: The Perils and Prom ise of Transparency, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 7. 42 Wampler, p. 116. This essay on Citizen Participation in the Budgetary Accountability was written and submitted by user Carissa E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Heroic Warriors

Homer’s great epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, tell different parts of a single epic cycle about Greek military expedition to the distant city of Troy, the war with the Trojans, and the return of the heroes to their cities and kingdoms. In this paper I will discuss the heroic masculinity in Homer. I will also answer the following questions: Do men make themselves by fighting with one another? How do women figure into these fights between men? Do men compete with one another by using women? And what kinds of power do women have in relationships between men? Homer describes heroic masculinity by the willingness of men to fight in the war. According to Homer, you are considered a coward if you do not fight, yet you are considered honorable if you do fight in the war. In The Iliad, Paris is not considered the best of men because he is lowering himself because of the war. The reasoning of the war is because Paris was bribed by Aphrodite, who wanted to be the most beautiful woman in the war, and promised Paris that he could have Menelaus’ wife Helen. Because Paris gave Aphrodite her wish, she gave him Helen. Paris is a coward because he isn’t fighting in the war that is considered to be his fault. Instead he is spending time with Helen. How can a soldier be heroic if he isn’t willing to fight for what he wants? Throughout the entire poem, Homer endorses that war makes men. Yet only â€Å"warriors† such as Achilles and Agamemnon are the heroic men. It seems that soldiers are only heroic if they were predestined to become great warriors. Many wonder if men make themselves by fighting with other men. In many ways it seems that you are only a man by killing other men. Once they enter the war and fight and kill other soldiers, it makes them have masculine honor. In some cases I feel that isn’t true. In The Iliad two soldiers, Glaukos and Diomedes, have masculine honor between one another... Free Essays on Heroic Warriors Free Essays on Heroic Warriors Homer’s great epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, tell different parts of a single epic cycle about Greek military expedition to the distant city of Troy, the war with the Trojans, and the return of the heroes to their cities and kingdoms. In this paper I will discuss the heroic masculinity in Homer. I will also answer the following questions: Do men make themselves by fighting with one another? How do women figure into these fights between men? Do men compete with one another by using women? And what kinds of power do women have in relationships between men? Homer describes heroic masculinity by the willingness of men to fight in the war. According to Homer, you are considered a coward if you do not fight, yet you are considered honorable if you do fight in the war. In The Iliad, Paris is not considered the best of men because he is lowering himself because of the war. The reasoning of the war is because Paris was bribed by Aphrodite, who wanted to be the most beautiful woman in the war, and promised Paris that he could have Menelaus’ wife Helen. Because Paris gave Aphrodite her wish, she gave him Helen. Paris is a coward because he isn’t fighting in the war that is considered to be his fault. Instead he is spending time with Helen. How can a soldier be heroic if he isn’t willing to fight for what he wants? Throughout the entire poem, Homer endorses that war makes men. Yet only â€Å"warriors† such as Achilles and Agamemnon are the heroic men. It seems that soldiers are only heroic if they were predestined to become great warriors. Many wonder if men make themselves by fighting with other men. In many ways it seems that you are only a man by killing other men. Once they enter the war and fight and kill other soldiers, it makes them have masculine honor. In some cases I feel that isn’t true. In The Iliad two soldiers, Glaukos and Diomedes, have masculine honor between one another...

Cost Drivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Drivers - Essay Example Finally, cost drivers includes hours of time, number of employees, number of setups, number of wheel, number of enquiries, number of products produced, number of machines maintained, and number of hours of supervision. Cost behaviour normally relate to various activities as well as the consumption of resources ((Hansen et al. 2009). Such resources have costs which are either fixed and do not vary directly with resource usage in the short run or variable and varies in direct proportion to the resource consumption. Activities usually consume resources and the costs of such resources often follow various behavioural patterns (Needles et al. 2010). Since, the supervisors spend an equal amount of time with each employee they supervise, the costs associated with it are fixed, and they do not vary directly with resource usage. Since the building is allocated based on square footage, the costs are variable. There is a direct correlation between amount of space used and the rent. There is also a direct correlation between the Energy or electric power consumed and the number of units produced (Needles et al. 2010). In terms of labour, the costs are variable as they change in direct proportion to the number of units produced. The cost of equipment is fixed and does not vary directly to the units produced. The cost of materials varies in direct proportion to the number of units produced. There is an indirect relationship between amount of supplies and production time. The costs therefore vary in direct proportion to the resource consumption ((Hansen et al.

Programming III ( Advanced ) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Programming III ( Advanced ) - Assignment Example ation and deserialization is independent of the platform used, that is, data serialized on one machine is able to be deserialized on a completely different machine with a different platform (DAnjou, 2005). Serialization in java has been used mainly to facilitate communication between different machines, for persistence, deep copying, caching and cross java virtual machine synchronization. The use of serialization is advantageous since it allows for refactoring , it is customizable and easy to use, allows encryption, compression and authentication thus facilitating secure computing and lastly, the mechanism allows interchange of libraries between java and other programing languages such as C++ among other advantages. Despite the above stated functions and advantages of serialization in java, there are too many disadvantages associated with serialization. Serialization offers significant overhead thus it cannot be used with large objects. Also, the serialization facilitates increased memory requirements for a system. The use of data serialization also leads to breakage of identity of an objects, and invasion of the programming model. To address this disadvantages and limitations of serialization, an input/output process mechanism has been introduce. This mechanism is referred to as Externalization. Not only is Externalization used to eliminate the limitations of serializations, but also in some cases, it is exclusively required. Externalization refers to the process in which externalizable interface is implemented to facilitates persistence and restoring of the object. Basically, the externizable interface works by extending the serializable interface. Moreover, the externizable interface facilitates definition of custom rules and also, definition of customizable serialization mechanism. Thus, it can be easily said that externalization is an extension of serialization. The process of using Externalization is similar to the implementation process of

Different kinds of short story Essay Example for Free

Different kinds of short story Essay As there are varieties of subjects, themes and art, there are various types of a short story. Some of the types are ancient tales, humor, satire, fantasy, biography, education, local color, and history. Lets us have a glimpse on each one of them in this article. 1. Ancient Tales It is the power of the utilization of the ancient form of the tale in the modern short story. Italian writer Giovanni Vergas The She-Wolf (1880), and Chinese writer Yeh Shao-Chuns Mrs. Lis Hair are remarkable examples. 2. Fantasy Fantasy stories are nothing but the fair combination of the old tales tradition and the supernatural details. The fine examples of such stories are British writer John Colliers horror fantasy Bottle Party (1939), Irish author Elizabeth Bowens The Demon Lover (1941), and British author Sakis Tobermory (1911). 3. Humor These types of stories are meant for producing surprise and delight. You will see that the most famous humorous tales and fables were written by the Americans. Mark Twains The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865), and Joel Chandler Harriss The Wonderful Tar-Baby Story (1894) are remarkable. There is serious humor in the works of Americans like Eudora Weltys Petrified Man (1939) and Dorothy Parkers The Custard Heart (1939). 4. Satire The main purpose of satire is to attack the evils of society. There are writers who wrote stories of sober satire. Austrian author Arthur Schnitzlers Fate of the Baron (1923), and American Mary McCarthys The Man in the Brooks Brothers Shirt (1941) are known for their somber satire. 5. Education Story Such stories revolve around the education of the main character. The good example is American educator Lionel Trillings Of This Time, of That Place (1944). 6. History History types deal with a life story or historical event. Weltys A Still Moment (a 1943 story about naturalist John James Audubon) is fine example of story dealing with history event. 7. Local Color These types of stories deal with the customs and traditions of rural and small-town life. You can enjoy the local color in the stories of George Washington Cable, Maria Edgeworth, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Mary Wilkins Freeman. These are some of the types you may find in sort story genre. In recent times, stories have more local color, diversities in the representations, making use of dialects, and vernacular impressions. The story writes have been taking somewhat flexibility in writing stories as they wish.

The Merger of Allianz Group and Dresdner Bank Essay -- Business Market

The Merger of Allianz Group and Dresdner Bank 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our days mergers and acquisitions are a predominant feature of the international business system as companies attempt to exploit new market opportunities and to strengthen their market positions. Each year sets a new record for the total value of mergers and acquisitions and nearly every day new announcements are made in the business newspapers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the literature one finds a large number of explanations for the occurrence of mergers and acquisitions. Sometimes, these explana-tions are also applicable to related forms of interindustrial links such as joint ventures or strategic alliances. Therefore it is necessary to define the term merger and acquisition as it will be used throughout this paper. 1.1 Definition of the Term Merger and Acquisition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two different phenomena are described by the term merger and acquisition. A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one survives and the merged corporation goes out of existence. It is a unification of two or more firms into a new one and thus characteri-zed by the fact that after unification there are fewer firms than before. On the contrary can the target firm after an acquisition either remain autonomous or be partially and/or wholly integrated into the new parent company. However, from a legal point of view the firms remain independent entities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In most of the cases, one company acquires the majority or minority equity stake in another which is not a true merger in the legal sense. The two companies are not legally united, but form an economic unit where both remain legally independent, a so-called quasi-merger. The term acquisition mainly is used when more than 50% of a company's equity are purchased, i.e. the buyer gains complete control over its target. Equity stakes of lesser percentages are referred to as minority holdings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In spite of the legal difference between mergers and acquisi-tions, both terms are often used together. In international business the expression merger and acquisition, abbreviated M & A, or only merger, has become a general term referring to all kind of activities which are related to the selling and buying of a company. It includes classical mergers and acquisitions as well as management-buy-outs and management-buy-ins, minority equity purchases, joint-vent... ...t boost of the operation profitability, a leaner portfolio and reduction of complexity and (the Plus One) sustainable increase of the competitive strength and value. The management expected to increase the total premium income by about 4%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similarly Dresdner Bank started in August 2003 the so-called "New Dresdner" program with the following steps: By the end of 2003 the operational performance was stabilized and at the beginning of 2004 the cost-cutting program adopted and the implementation started. By mid 2004 the revenue growth initiatives started as well as the imple-mentation of the new business model and for end of 2004 a positive net income was expected. By mid 2005 the "New Dresdner" will be imple-mented and by the end of this year cost of capital will be earned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indeed, the results of last year which just now have been published show that 2004 was a year of profitable growth for Allianz. There was a significant increase in the operating profit which rose by â‚ ¬2.8 billion to â‚ ¬6.9 billion and the net income reached â‚ ¬2.2 billion. The banking segment Dresdner Bank reported an operating profit of â‚ ¬603 million in 2004 (operating loss of â‚ ¬369 million in 2003). The Merger of Allianz Group and Dresdner Bank Essay -- Business Market The Merger of Allianz Group and Dresdner Bank 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our days mergers and acquisitions are a predominant feature of the international business system as companies attempt to exploit new market opportunities and to strengthen their market positions. Each year sets a new record for the total value of mergers and acquisitions and nearly every day new announcements are made in the business newspapers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the literature one finds a large number of explanations for the occurrence of mergers and acquisitions. Sometimes, these explana-tions are also applicable to related forms of interindustrial links such as joint ventures or strategic alliances. Therefore it is necessary to define the term merger and acquisition as it will be used throughout this paper. 1.1 Definition of the Term Merger and Acquisition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two different phenomena are described by the term merger and acquisition. A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one survives and the merged corporation goes out of existence. It is a unification of two or more firms into a new one and thus characteri-zed by the fact that after unification there are fewer firms than before. On the contrary can the target firm after an acquisition either remain autonomous or be partially and/or wholly integrated into the new parent company. However, from a legal point of view the firms remain independent entities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In most of the cases, one company acquires the majority or minority equity stake in another which is not a true merger in the legal sense. The two companies are not legally united, but form an economic unit where both remain legally independent, a so-called quasi-merger. The term acquisition mainly is used when more than 50% of a company's equity are purchased, i.e. the buyer gains complete control over its target. Equity stakes of lesser percentages are referred to as minority holdings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In spite of the legal difference between mergers and acquisi-tions, both terms are often used together. In international business the expression merger and acquisition, abbreviated M & A, or only merger, has become a general term referring to all kind of activities which are related to the selling and buying of a company. It includes classical mergers and acquisitions as well as management-buy-outs and management-buy-ins, minority equity purchases, joint-vent... ...t boost of the operation profitability, a leaner portfolio and reduction of complexity and (the Plus One) sustainable increase of the competitive strength and value. The management expected to increase the total premium income by about 4%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similarly Dresdner Bank started in August 2003 the so-called "New Dresdner" program with the following steps: By the end of 2003 the operational performance was stabilized and at the beginning of 2004 the cost-cutting program adopted and the implementation started. By mid 2004 the revenue growth initiatives started as well as the imple-mentation of the new business model and for end of 2004 a positive net income was expected. By mid 2005 the "New Dresdner" will be imple-mented and by the end of this year cost of capital will be earned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indeed, the results of last year which just now have been published show that 2004 was a year of profitable growth for Allianz. There was a significant increase in the operating profit which rose by â‚ ¬2.8 billion to â‚ ¬6.9 billion and the net income reached â‚ ¬2.2 billion. The banking segment Dresdner Bank reported an operating profit of â‚ ¬603 million in 2004 (operating loss of â‚ ¬369 million in 2003).

A Culture of Professionalism Essay

One of the challenges of making Kamak a professional organization is to get Pete, the Managing Director, to change his leadership style that is suitable to the organizational culture. First and foremost, Pete has to accept that he is merely a driver of that culture rather than its measure, and that he should get in touch with the realities of that culture. His personal actions as the main representative of management impact the assessment of organizational culture being that management practices are a significant dimension of it. It is measured through â€Å"the fairness and consistency with which policies are administered, the accessibility of management to employees, the degree to which management provides a safe working environment and how well management encourages diversity.† (Jolly & Recarda, 1997). Given that, he must be prepared to act in a way that promotes and implements the policies and good management practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The members of the staff, on the other hand, seem keen on getting their opinions heard but they are having difficulty given the current situation. Moreover, confidentiality or a semblance of it is apparently an important condition before anyone will step forward and communicate an opinion. Since a face-to-face and one-on-one meeting opportunity is hard to come by, the best option at this time would be to express their opinion in writing and leave it anonymously and hope actions will be considered and forthcoming or sign it and explicitly request for a private meeting to discuss it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a professional organization, continuity and consistency are important in order to instill a set of values, beliefs and practices that are understood and shared by its members. Unilateral and regular changes in policies merely tend to confuse especially since the organization has only recently evolved from a local organization to one that deals with international companies and has yet to homogenize. However, dealing with international companies would also mean having enough flexibility to adapt to the constantly changing environments and demands and thus, it is prudent to aim for continuous improvement as opposed to drastic changes. Consistency with policies and practices and service commitments can still be maintained and merely the strategy will be amended. It is essential, though, that to make a change successful, that change must be properly communicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To achieve professional standards in organizational communication, the elements must be present and developed. This would include the communicators or those engaged in the exchange and sharing of ideas with their assessment and accessibility, the message, the language of interaction, the channel of communication which may be formal such as memoranda and meetings or informal such as casual conversations and the climate of the communication situation which would be the dynamics of interaction that there are no hidden agenda, no repercussions, and the like (Chan & Palo, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The organizational culture in Kamak is a networked culture that is â€Å"high in sociability but low in solidarity† and is still at the low context stage which is â€Å"characterized by considerable dependence on explicitly articulated messages†¦ that is usually observed in small firms or start-up firms where the entire operations is in the making and information must be widely distributed and clearly disseminated.† (Chan & Palo, 2002). Hence, the following are essential in its organizational communication: Promote a communication climate that is supportive, i.e., information is widely shared with the aim of progressing towards a climate that is high on empowerment and support; Open alternative modes of communication and utilize and maximize technology such as e-mails especially for information dissemination, fax, voicemail, phone if face-to-face communication is not immediately possible; Conduct regular meeting so that policies are formally introduced, implemented and reinforced; Make use of the grapevine to be in touch with the staff level and would encourage face-to-face interaction between parties making it personal and social; Open a feedback mechanism through suggestion boxes and at the same time, continue to encourage and promote the open-door policy but ensure accessibility in a climate and setting that nurtures confidentiality. References Chan, G.S. & Palo, T. M. (2002). Organizational communication. In G. Chan (Ed.), Managing people in Asian organizations (pp. 229-285). Singapore: Prentice Hall. Jolly, J. and Recardo, R. (1997). Organizational culture and teams. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 62 (2), 4-9.

The Scarlett Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1213 Words

Nathalia Planas Dr. Williams EL3600 7, November 2016 The Scarlett Letter defines Romanticism. During the 1800’s America was in a identity crisis, the need for literary independence weighed heavily on the culture. There was no set genre that defined America and set them aside from other literatures. Thus resulting in the Romanticism literary movement for their desire of a literature that was all American. The Scarlett Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who during the 19th century was one of the most famous Romantic writers of his time. The Scarlett Letter defines the elements of Romanticism and best represents this time period. Hawthorne emphasized on human emotions that define your inner true self, not by the morality of social standards. In the novel, Hawthorne use of beauty and meaning behind the â€Å"unspoiled nature† are used to understand the greater path to spirituality. Throughout the novel, Hester goes from being the character most hated and ridiculed by the town people to a character looked a s a symbol of strength. Hester transition empowers the validity of individualism and embodies the worth of individual freedom. Hawthorne opens the novel with an in depth description of the Prison door, but puts more of a focus on the description of the rose bush. The prison described as dark and gloomy jail cell with no life in it, except the rose bush that continues to flourish. The color of the rose ties together with the color of the scarlett letterShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlett Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1007 Words   |  5 Pages The Scarlett Letter is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850, (but taking place in the mid-1600s), in which he exposes the ideas of legalism as well as the effects of sin in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The novel is based around the life of protagonist, Hester Prynne, a woman found guilty of adultery. This act of adultery ended in pregnancy and in order to shame her, a red letter â€Å"A† is placed on her clothing so that everyone knows of the sin she committed. While being shamed Hester isRead MoreThe Scarlett Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1551 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s acclaimed classic novel, The Scarlett Letter, nature is used to highlight the extreme misconceptions of Puritanical society. Puritanical society’s values are the complete opposite of nature’s values, and Hawthorne uses elements of nature such as sunlight, the ocean, and the forest to show the contrast between the freedoms of the natural world and the unnatur al constrictions of society. He uses these elements to underline the theme that there is no sin in nature, and thatRead MoreThe Scarlett Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1898 Words   |  8 Pagescompared to men also existed in the literature of that era. The Scarlett Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the disparity of equality at the time. In this book, the author writes of a woman, Hester Prynne, who committed adultery and bore a child out of wedlock. Hester s punishment handed down by the church resulted in incarceration followed by parading her through the town in an effort to shame her for her misdeeds (Hawthorne). During this time period, women in New York formed a â€Å"FemaleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Scarlett Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1393 Words   |  6 Pagesback to bite which in the end can hurt people or kill people. The Scarlett Letter is a story in which a woman cheats with another man. The woman is punished publicly, while the man is punished privately or in secret. The story is centered on the letter A that in the case of the book stands for adultery. On the other hand, In Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlett Letter Arthur Dimmesdale is perceived as a saint, but in reality Hawthorne uses this to support the hidden motif of hypocrisy. First and foremostRead MoreThe Sccaffold Scenes In The Scarlett Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne859 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist during the Romantic period in the 19th century. He lived in Salem, Massachusetts where his family had lived for five generations. Most of Hawthorne’s works are satires focused around Puritan communities and are partially autobiographies relating to his own life. One of Hawthorne’s most well known works is The Scarlett Letter published in 1850. This novel is set in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1640’s based around the Puritan colony and its strictRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlett Letter 1052 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: The Scarlett Letter Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne Main Characters (Protagonist/Antagonist), Title, Traits: Hester Prynne: Protagonist, adulterer in the book that has to wear the â€Å"Scarlett Letter A†. She is tolerant (endures the scorn and ridicule of public humiliation), motherly, observational, speculative, independent thinker, and radical (her accumulative thoughts of the mistreatment of women throughout the novel). Chillingworth: Antagonist, doctor and husband of Hester. He is seenRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne and His Projected Self in the Scarlett Letter970 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most influential authors during the Romanticism time period. Hawthorne is most commonly known for his novel, The Scarlett Letter. That novel continues to still be read all over. In fact, I just read it for my history class. Not only can the novel be read for an English, but for a history class as well because of the Puritan background. Nathaniel Hawthorne wasn’t just an author that blended in within his era, he stood out. Hawthorne was uniqueRead MoreThe Effective Use of Symblism in The Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an intriguing account of a Puritan community that experiences a breakdown in beliefs. The story deals with a woman, Hester, who commits adultery with a Calvinistic minister resulting in the birth of a child (Martin 110). As compensation for her crime of passion and her refusal to name her lover, Hester is sentenced to wear an embroidered scarlet letter on her bosom. It is this letter, or secretRead MoreDevelopment of Characters in Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlett Letter953 Words   |  4 PagesThose elements may include plot, setting, moods, or themes. The Scarlet Letter, penned by Nathaniel Hawthorne, not only includes all of those elements, but also engages and intrigues the reader through the development of the characters. Throughout the novel, many of the characters change or evolve in some way. These changes are shown through their actions, words, thoughts, and feelings. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, the au thor develops the characters of Pearl Prynne as candid, HesterRead MoreThe Gift of Evil in The Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne764 Words   |  4 Pages Gifts Of Evil In the book The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne there are many characters who have committed sins. In Puritan community they followed the word of god and banned all sins. These sins in The Scarlet Letter were look as The Black Mans work meaning satans work. The sins committed were harmful and hurtful to people and their souls. Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale committed adultery with bearing a child named Pearl. But Roger Chillingworth committed the worst sin by using his gifts